The Definition of Corporate Social Responsibility - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 19 Words: 5589 Downloads: 5 Date added: 2017/06/26 Category Sociology Essay Type Argumentative essay Level High school Tags: Social Responsibility Essay Did you like this example? 1.0 Chapter 2 Literature Review A literature review of research was carried out to put light into the definition of Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR) as this differs from country to country and different authors have modelled different definition for CSR. This makes the study of CSR more complex. Also factors influencing the strategic issues of CSR are also reviewed. Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "The Definition of Corporate Social Responsibility" essay for you Create order Electronic database is used such as emerald to select appropriate   articles. This   review of literature is worked out on published research on CSR, CSR strategies and benefits. The first focal point is on the definition of CSR, then the strategies of CSR in business was reviewed and the benefits associated with the strategic management of CSR. The main aim of this review is to sum up the studies in relation to the integration of CSR in its core business to gain advantage to the target group that receive the CSR and also to the business in the long run to place the business at a competitive advantage. Findings on environment have also been taken into consideration. 1.1 2.1 Theoretical Review 1.1.1 Models, Concepts, Frameworks In the book ‘Corporate Social Responsibility by Crowther D and Aras G, 2008, Milton Friedman (1970) stated that â€Å"there is one and only one social responsibility of business- to use its resources and engage in activities designed to increase its profits so long as it stays within the rules of the game, which is to say, engages in open and free competition without deception or fraud† So we can understand that according to Friedmans 1970 theory the sole responsibility of the business is to capitalise profit. According to Friedman (1970 cited in   Galbreath 2009, p.111   ), it is the firm responsibility to meet the economic needs and that only leads to the welfare of the society and it is the role of the government, service organizations, educational institution to meet the societal welfare. Galbreath, (2009) cited that after the publication of the thesis of Friedman, (1970)  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚   there was much research on the social responsibili ties of the firm. Galbreath, (2009) states that ‘In the late 1970s, Carroll (1979) offered one of the first and perhaps still the most widely accepted conceptualisations of CSR (Matten and Crane, 2005). In Galbreath (2009), Carrolls (1979) model conceptualises the responsibilities of the firm as: the economic responsibility to generate profits; the legal responsibility to comply by local, state, federal, and relevant international laws; the ethical responsibility to meet other social expectations, not written as law (e.g. avoiding harm or social injury, respecting moral rights of individuals, doing what is right, just, fair); and the discretionary responsibility to meet additional behaviours and activities that society finds desirable (e.g. philanthropic initiatives such as contributing   money to various kinds of social or cultural enterprises). The last concept applies to the Mauritian context where NGOs are engaged in the philanthropic activities. They are funded by firms making profit and 1% of the profit after tax is given to the NGOs to look at the vulnerable groups in Mauritius , the other 1% goes to the contribution of programs offered by government, (NEF, 2008). NEF,2008 cited that the economics needs of the firm are met to comply with CSR. The firm has to contribute 2% of its profit after tax in the CSR fund. If the firms make no profit then there is no contribution to CSR. This brings to the circular Mauritian model In Mauritius, the government uses the profit for the welfare of the society. 1.1.2 Activities not meeting the criteria of CSR in Mauritius The following activities do not fall under the definition of CSR IN Mauritius, NEF (2008): Contribution for religious activities Contribution to activities discriminating on the basis of race, place of origin, political opinion, colour or creed. Contribution to Trade Unions Sponsorship for marketing purposes Contribution for political parties Shareholders and Senior Staff benefits (schemes benefiting staff and/ or their family members and shareholders holding more than 5% of shareholding) Staff welfare cost (including e.g. current and future staff training costs), Activities which are against public safety and national interest. In Galbreath (2009), Friedmans (1970) social responsibilities, stakeholder theory and corporate social responsibility, Carroll (1979) are normative: they give a description of what the dos and donts of the firm in terms of their societal responsibilities (Rodriguez et al., 2002) Katamba D and Gisch-Boie (2008) made a study with regards to CSR in Uganda a developing country. They stated that CSR is a new concept in Uganda and the study was carried out to know the perceptions of CSR, approaches and needs of companies in the matter of CSR.   The CSR defined by company managers in Uganda as stated by Katamba D and Gisch-Boie (2008)   are â€Å"when companies consider the interests of society by taking responsibility for the impact of their activities on customers, suppliers, employees, shareholders, communities and other stkaholders as well as the environment.† â€Å"how companies manage their business processes to produce on overall positive impact on society.† â€Å"considering all stakeholders while making business decisions that manage stakeholders relationships â€Å"giving back to society and cementing the bond of the company to society through demonstrating the caring heart of the company† Katamba D and Gisch-Boie (2008) made the observations that large companies in Uganda do not have a CSR strategy and they cannot satisfy all the requests of communities and NGOs. The Government of Mauritius has catered for the approved programmes relating to socio economic development, Health, leisure and sport, environment, education and training and catastrophe, (NEF, 2008). The NEF has an important role to play to drive firms to CSR strategies. The Government of Mauritius stated in NEF (2008)   has set up a guiding principle with the general purpose of   directing registered companies to give 2% of their book profit to programmes contributing to the social and environmental development of the country. NEF (2008) stated the objectives of the fund   to: Support firms to administer their own agenda, resulting in the triple reporting aspect, that is, the economic, social and environmental development. Ease the involvement of the companies to sustain existing Approved National Programmes applied by Companies, national agencies or NGOs support a serviceable society to NGOs working with the approved national development program 1.2 Empirical Review 1.2.1 Applied Studies and Findings Research gaps In Sidsel Grimstad (2011) pp. 73-74, Shrivastava and Hart (1994) suggested green politics will be among the powerful forces of economic, social, and political change,   businesses and managerial theory have to change them drastically to hold environmental distress. In the same paper In Sidsel Grimstad (2011) pp. 73-74, stated that after more than ten years, Kallio and Nordberg (2006)   there are still questions that have not been answered regarding firms and their link with the natural environment. These questions are : â€Å" what is the organisations relationship with the natural environment? Why does integration of concerns for the natural environment happen within organisations? Where does it happen? Who does it happen to? How does it happen? What are the consequences of an integration of the organisation and the natural environment? â€Å" (Sidsel Grimstad 2011 stated by Kallio and Nordberg   (2006 )) They also found that while con siderable empirical research had been done, there were few development of theory conbining organizational and management theories with natural environment. Sidsel Grimstad (2011) stated that few research has been carried out to assess how prolonged actions affects firms or clusters competitiveness and the way natural environment is bonded to the involved firms of organisations (businesses, government, non-profit, or others)   day to day activities (Gladwin et al., 1995; Kallio and Nordberg, 2006). Little has been done to judge against framework, local formal and informal institutions while looking at business-driven environmental action (GjÃÆ' ¸lberg, 2009; Halme et al., 2009; Hart, 1995 cited in Sidsel Grimstad (2011) ) Sidsel Grimstad (2011) found from the above literature review comes up many knowledge gap. He states that more study   examining how firms operates and implements environmental action, the insight of environmental action, the reason they ar e doing it, what they see as main factors for the environment and business to mutually develop and benefit each other, the way they carry out environmental action, the way they organize and the short and long term consequences for the environment and society.   Sidsel Grimstad (2011),More concept is required the forming of   the relationships between the natural environment business organizations and competitive advantage. Sidsel Grimstad (2011) cited that â€Å" More comparative research is required analysing how businesses deal with environmental issues within different contexts and different national institutional frameworks.† Sidsel Grimstad (2011)   cited that â€Å"When faced with serious environmental issues, it would be expected that the way/mode and means a business, a business cluster or society will respond to the environmental challenge will differ according to the countrys formal and informal institutions.† Sidsel Gri mstad (2011) stated that these matters would be more outstanding in areas where the natural environment and landscape encompasses basis for tourism as an additional strategy for earning income for businesses based on agriculture. Sidsel Grimstad (2011) also found that â€Å".. it would be expected that agriculture based tourism businesses would have a vested interest in going beyond compliance with the environmental regulatory systems. In addition such clusters would also perceive the natural landscape as a prerequisite for value-adding for their tourism businesses in the future and are therefore worth taking care of.† Sidsel Grimstad (2011) found that the two countries chosen, Norway and Australia have clearly different situations and organizational frameworks when dealing with environmental management in rural areas. He chose two business-driven green initiatives have been identified and there are still on-going research. Sidsel Grimstad (2011)   cited that re â€Å"They are self-defined or self-organised clusters, in as such they do not follow administrative or geographical borders, but rather are based on a common business focus agriculture-based tourism in a geographical area where the borders have been defined by the business community itself through formal organisations such as local chambers of commerce.† He also stated that they hold the definition of clusters given by Porter (1998), that describes these geographic clusters of interrelated firms and institutions in a specific field. Sidsel Grimstad (2011) also stated that the clusters include both suppliers of provider of inputs, services, and education( universities, training), and later stage of businesses centered on customers that both compete and work together. In Australia the associating organisation is a Chamber of Commerce in a wine tourism region, and in Norway is a farming of apple and tourism region, a shareholding firm has been set up with the o bjective of promoting continuing improvement in the area, (Sidsel Grimstad 2011). In Norway, the area in agriculture has received much subsidy to cater for both self-sufficiency in essential foods and secondly in sustaining the rural population. the subsidies in agriculture have been drastically reduced in the last decade, but they have been turned towards subsidies for farm-based ecological protection and preservation. These have led to new ventures in tourism sector for a new value-adding strategy. The above extract is from (Sidsel Grimstad 2011). Sidsel Grimstad 2011 also found in his study that traditional farming has been drifted towards   a mix of farming and agri-tourism, preceded by the principles of geo-tourism. In Sidsel Grimstad ( 2011) the definition of   Geo-tourism is given by â€Å" tourism that sustains or enhances the geographical character of a place its environment, culture, aesthetics, heritage, and the well-being of its residents (Nat ional Geographic Society, 2009).† Sidsel Grimstad ( 2011) stated that small agricultutal sector tourism clusters have been founded by the concepts of   geo-tourism that they call landscape parks that are natural and cultural regions described by the natural landscape and by the identification of local population.   The development of home agro and tourism have to undertaken in an sensitive way Taking care of the environment that must be attractive to both local people and the tourist (Sidsel Grimstad, 2011). From the above extract this leads to the creating of strategies to look after the issues of sustaining and preserving environment. Mauritius being a tourism industry can give importance to the environmental programs for maintaining and preserving it keeping in mind the problems that are the world is facing towards natural ecological change. 1.3 2.3 Case Studies Added on17/04/11 Volker Turk (2003) has worked in a paper e-business and CSR- the business case for the new economy. The paper looked at the major significance   for corporations working in the ICT and e-business sector concerning environmental and social issues. Volker TÃÆ' ¼rk (2003) developed an essential finding from the research that is e-business is not entirely virtual but it is related to the use of natural resources. Volker TÃÆ' ¼rk (2003), identified key factors influencing the ecological consequences of environmental ICTs and e-application. He identified them as â€Å"Monitoring the environmental impacts of ICT and e-business, greening the hardware, shifting to e-services, enabling transport efficiencies, raising awareness and changing habits, recognize and extent the (digital) responsibility, acknowledge the technologies limitations and risks, Improve sustainability and accountability along supply-chains. social responsibilities are differen t from social issues but closely linked (Galbreath 2009). The society have expectations on the firm and these are social responsibilities. These responsibilities are related to factors. These are social issues. These factors can have an effect on the ability of the firm to meet objectives , and can also affect the social responsibilities. This view has been supported in the work of Galbreath (2009). ELABORATE HERE Galbreath (2009) states that ‘In this sense, these definitions help to describe what the â€Å"firm side† of the social contract (Donaldson and Dunfee, 1994, 1999) between business and society consists of. On one hand, the â€Å"formal† social contract defines a firms explicit responsibilities, including generating returns for shareholders, obeying laws and regulations, creating jobs, paying taxes, and honouring private contracts. On the other hand, the â€Å"semiformal† social contract reflects societys implicit expectations. He re, societys unspoken expectations of firms include responsibilities such as adherence to global labour and environmental standards (e.g. SA 8000, AA 1000, ISO 14031) that are not required by law, triple bottom-line reporting, following industry norms and codes of conduct, fulfilling brand promises and contributing philanthropically to the community. Scholars have looked at the social issues concept, mainly through the life-cycle approach (cited in Galbreath (2009), Lamertz et al., 2003). Although several definitions exist, a widely accepted definition in the life-cycle tradition describes social issues as: ‘Social problems that may exist objectively but become â€Å"issues† requiring managerial attention when they are defined as being problematic to society or an institution within society by a group of actors or stakeholders capable of influencing either governmental action or company policy (Mahon and Waddock, 1992, p. 20; emphasis added). Galbreath (2009) e xpressed this view. The definition implies that social problems exist at the societal level (but not necessarily at the organizational level)   and these problems are   elevated to the â€Å"status† of a social issue by the actions of various actors, including stakeholders. However, such a definition does not address how these social problems and issues might be an opportunity for the firm and thus, is problematic with respect to the concept of strategy. Galbreath (2001) cited that ‘some firms signal that CSR is a fundamental purpose mission of their existence. As part of its mission, The Body Shop makes cosmetics that do not hurt animals. Here, The Body Shop has addressed a social issue animal cruelty through the very core of their business: developing the highest quality, innovative, effective and safe cosmetic products. A bank with a heart The Mauritian bank, Mauritius Commercial Bank (MCB) is involved in ‘Corporate Social Responsibility to serve the communities by not only by financing of projects but also to build and sustain schemes for social, environmental and economic welfare of the community. The MCB Group contributes 2% of its bok profits annually to the MCP Forward Foundation . This extract is from MCB Ltd,2010. Another example of Corporate Social Responsibility in a   Mauritian company is the IBL Children (Schumpeter, 1934; Nelson and Winter, 1982; Jacobson, 1992) economic growth can be attained through innovation.   (Schumpeter, 1934; Jacobson, 1992; Hill and Deeds, 1996; Chan Kim and Mauborgne, 2004)   presented the views below. Innovation can be an opportunity to meet social needs and deal with social issues instead of considering them as a threat. The knowledge acquired from the target markets, target customer needs and the unmet social needs and/or social issues directly from the market, can be used to explore the opportunity to reach new markets and gain competitive advantage. This can be done by introducing new customer offerings, developing new processes or creating new market segments. Gabreath , 2009 cited that Corporate managers admit that CSR is a vital reflection for motivating achievement. But they acknowledge to be under pressure to anticipate about the uncertainty of unmet social needs or social matters that will affect their business or how to devel op strategies to cater for these problems (Galbreath, 2009) . Galbreath, 2009 said in his findings that much has been on paper to recommend that CSR is important for competitive success, but efforts have been prevalent on conceptual and theoretical advancements and empirical tests between CSR and firm accomplishment. Galbreath, 2009 came to the conclusion that this causes a breach regarding CSR and strategy. Galbreath, 2009 cited ‘If an assumption is made that CSR is important to competitiveness, and if strategy serves as a foundation for a business firms creation, while establishing its position in the market, its competitiveness and its on-going existence, then placing CSR within the context of strategy seems vital. Galbreath, 2009 first implication was that CSR should not be regarded only in terms of   the duties organizations have toward society or to whom they are accountable. Galbreath, 2009 cited that ‘Normatively postulating, for example, that firms have an economic responsibility to generate profits or a legal responsibility to obey appropriate laws or that firms have a responsibility to meet the needs of various stakeholder groups (and who those groups are) does not describe how they can do so in a strategic manner. Galbreath, 2009 suggested that to know CSR strategically, unmet social desires and social matters   and also the firms responsibilities toward society, these have to be considered individually. This is essential to tackle CSR more accurately within the underlying elements of strategy (Galbreath,2009). Galbreath, 2009 implies and questions ‘to what degree does CSR have to be built into strategy before it can be considered â€Å"strategic†? ‘ During its existence, the firm has to frequently face with   different opportunities and threats and decisions are made to deal with them (Galbreath, 2009). According to Galbreath, 2009 there are six-dimensions of strategy firm mission; strategic issues; markets; customer needs; resources; and competitive advantage. Galbreath, 2009 says that at any stage one facet of strategy of the six-dimensions might be more vital than others. In Galbreath, 2009 for some scholars ‘strategic CSR deals with contributing slack resources (profit spending) to the needs of society and community that are related to objectives and strategy of the organisation such as philanthropy, sponsorships and cause-related marketing (Mullen, 1997; Lantos, 2002; Porter and Kramer, 2002). Galbreath, 2009 observed that strategically, this is a limited view and is mainly related to the discretionary (philanthropic) component of Carrolls (1979) theory of CSR. Galbreath, 2009 demonstrated in his paper that CSR is not an organizational occurrence strategically limited to a restricted aspect within the organization. He states that while taking corporate responsibilities, unmet social desires and social matters into account, synergies develop that are essential for several dimensions of strategy.   In Galbreath, 2009 he st ated an example;    ‘while the economic responsibility to produce profits constitutes part of the firms formal social contract, by exploring unmet social needs and social issues through strategy dimensions such as markets served, customer needs and resources required to compete, a firm not only can address social opportunities that generate profits (thereby meeting its economic responsibility to shareholders), but can offer societal benefits as well (Burke and Logsdon, 1996; Husted and Salazar, 2006). Galbreath (2009) found from his study that CSR cannot only be philanthropic or an obligation towards ethics, that is code of conduct; CSR can be carried out within six elements of corporate strategy,   adding up to good organisation practice,   profitable to the economy and to the wellbeing of society (Galbreath 2009). Galbreath 2009,   concluded that firms contribute economically to the society and profits making is a social responsibility (C arroll, 1979; Henderson, 2005). But in the present ambience, social matters are cropping up on firms to the extent that CSR seems to be the new battlefield for competitive achievement (Porter and Kramer, 2006 cited in Galbreath 2009). According to the guidelines, NEF, 2008 it can be extracted that the Government of Mauritius is mainly dealing with vulnerable groups as philanthropic activities to eradicate poverty rather than using CSR as an competive edge for the business. But for business perspectives in Mauritius, firms can deal with the CSR activities dealt as per the government program but at the same time build a strong long term competitive advantage by building good reputation for the company and at the same time deal with societal issues. Galbreath, 2009 concluded that if the statement is true then firms do not have to meet the interest of shareholders but also of society at large. Galbreath (2009) sated that â€Å" strategy takes on significant meaning not only with respect to fulfilling social responsibilities and the development of firms, but also with respect to the development and sustainability of society/nations (Raimond, 1996; Rodriguez et al., 2002).† Galbreath, (2009) made an interesting conclusion: companies who have a broader understanding of their social responsibilities and who starts to   investigate further on how they can build CSR into strategy at a more competitive edge in the future benefiting the shareholders and also the society at large. Galbrath (2009), to deal with CSR more strategically, the paper made an argument that organizations should consider six strategy dimensions: â€Å"firm mission†, â€Å" strategic issues†, â€Å"markets†, † customer needs†, â€Å" resources† and â€Å" competitive advantage.† Galbreath (2009) stated that strategy is about recognising matters that have an influence on a organisations capacity to attain its mission, so goods/services can be given to achieve markets needs providing through valuable resource construction to build and maintain competitive advantage. When CSR is thought about in these aspects it provides a way to methodically delve into means where social responsibilities can be constructed into strategy (Galbreath, 2009). If CSR is not done this way, companies  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚   take the risk of defining CSR as â€Å"codes of ethics†, triple bottom line reports and public relations campaigns, (Galbreath 2009).Galbreath(2009) cited that â€Å"Such approaches are too limited, too defensive and are too disconnected from strategy. Nur Diana Hidayati, (2011) , showed in the case study that there is elevated dedication from the four companies she studied to catty out CSR programs and company moral values. The companies attempt to deal with the triple bottom line issues,(Nur Diana Hidayati,2011).   Nur Diana Hidayati, (2011, p104), found in the case study that Ã¢â‚¬Ë œ two consumer goods companies (Unilever Indonesia and Sari Husada) and one manufacturing company (Astra International) conduct CSR programs that are both related and unrelated to their core businesses while a mining company (Aneka Tambang) tends to conduct CSR programs that are unrelated to its core business. The other finding from the case study is that both programs related to CSR and not related to CSR are   ways for the companies to go for ‘sustainable development, Nur Diana Hidayati, (2011, p104), This leads to carry out a study in the Mauritian context of the competitive advantage placed while incorporating Corporate Social Responsibility as a strategic management in the business. Anonymous, nd from the Emerald Group Publishing stated that it is difficult to manage Corportae Social Responsibility issue if the firm you are running a firm of huge size. Senior management are more conscious that the firm is presumed to put forward some kind of advantages to the wider world, (Anonymous, nd). ‘newspaper articles, academic papers, the activities of their peers and the public all tell them so. ‘ Many executives of firms are anxious that their firm is not looked as making contributions morally to the society and   to the environment as their day to day activities then they can lose their reputation and customers, (anonymous, 2008). Lance Moir ‘the basic idea of corporate social responsibility is that business and society are interwoven rather than distinct entities. Business depends on society to run and it is using natural resources may be at the detriment of the environment. Though it is contributing to the economic development of the country or society, it has other duties to fulfil to contribute part of what it has gained during the business process   by providing Corporate Social Responsibility. Holmes (1976), in a study of executive attitudes to social responsibility, finds that the stron gest response was that in addition to making a profit, business should help to solve social problems whether or not business helps to create those problems even if there is probably no short-run or long-run profit potential. This applies to the Mauritian context where the contribution is enforced by 2% contribution after profit although it is given as tax. But how far the business person is agreeable to this is to be studied through the research questionnaire. Proponents of CSR claim that it is in the enlightened self-interest of business to undertake various forms of CSR. The forms of business benefit that might accrue would include enhanced reputation and greater employee loyalty and retention. We can identify this approach in some of the current approaches by business. So, the introductory section of the recent report by the World Business Council for Sustainable Development on Corporate Social Responsibility (WBCSD, 1999) used phrases such as business benefits, could destr oy shareholder value, control risks, identify market opportunities, improving reputation and maintaining public support. CSR Europes approach is that business benefits from being more socially responsible and that this can help to build sales, the workforce and trust in the company as a whole. The objective is to build sustainable growth for business in a responsible manner. Frederick (1994) identifies the development in the understanding of CSR up to 1970 as an examination of corporations obligation to work for social betterment and refers to this as CSR1. However, around 1970 he notes a move to corporate social responsiveness, which he calls CSR2. Frederick (1994), identifies corporate social responsiveness as the capacity of a corporation to respond to social pressures. (Moir L. 2001) In effect the move from CSR1 to CSR2 reflects a move from a philosophical approach to one that focuses on managerial action.    Lately, Frederick (1986) has developed this anal ysis to include a more ethical base to managerial decision taking in the form of corporate social rectitude and terms this CSR3. In this development, Frederick claims that the study of business and society needs an ethical anchor to permit a systematic critique of businesss impact upon human consciousness, human community and human continuity. Frederick (1986), asserts that whilst CSR1 was normative, it was hesitant and that CSR2 led to non-normative enquiry. Thus the requirement for a moral basis provides a normative foundation for managers to take decisions in the area of CSR. As part of a normative manifesto, he proposes that the The World Business Council for Sustainable Development (1999) defines CSR as: â€Å"the ethical behavior of a company towards society . . . management acting responsibly in its relationships with other stakeholders who have a legitimate interest in the business, and CSR is the continuing commitment by business to behave ethically and contrib ute to economic development while improving the quality of life of the workforce and their families as well as of the local community and society at large.† Examples cited in Moir L, 2002 are from individual companies in the area of CSR reinforcing stakeholder analysis: Johnson Johnson: â€Å"the companys responsibilities to be fair and honest, trustworthy and respectful, in dealing with all our constituents (Johnson Johnson, 2000). Volkswagen (2000): â€Å"adopt a position which builds both shareholder value and workholder value in order to deliver sustainable growth for the future. Shell: â€Å"We all need to assess the impact our business makes on society and ensure that we balance the economic, environmental and social aspects of everything we do† (Moody-Stuart, 1999). Apart from the triple bottom line, I think business should feel responsible and contribute to the social growth and go beyond the expectation of society   and i ntegrate CSR in the way business is carried out in the day to day activity. Thus a current analysis of CSR would involve meeting the needs of all stakeholders and not just shareholders against some form of ethical basis. This basis is described by Business Impact (2000, p. 1.02) in the following key principles: to treat employees fairly and equitably; to operate ethically and with integrity; to respect basic human rights; to sustain the environment for future generations; to be a caring neighbour in their communities. Gray et al. (1996) describe society as a series of social contracts between members of society and society itself. (Moir L., 2001) In the context of CSR, an alternative possibility is not that business might act in a responsible manner because it is in its commercial interest, but because it is part of how society implicitly expects business to operate. Donaldson and Dunfee (1999) develop integrated social contracts theory as a way for managers to take decisions in an ethical context. They differentiate between macrosocial contracts and microsocial contracts. Thus a macrosocial contract in the context of communities, for example, would be an expectation that business provide some support to its local community and the specific form of involvement would be the microsocial contract. Legitimacy theory Suchman (1995) defines legitimacy as a generalized perception or assumption that the actions of an entity are desirable, proper, or appropriate within some socially constructed system of norms, values, beliefs and definitions. Bringing together prior literature on legitimacy management including the strategic tradition of resource dependence theory (Pfeffer and Salancik, 1978) and the institutional traditions (DiMaggio and Powell,   1983) he identifies three types of organisational legitimacy: pragmatic; moral; cognitive. He also identifies three key challenges of legitimacy management: gaining; maintaining; and repairing legitimacy. The research opportunities that crop up from the literature review is whether the business persons are applying the strategic CSR management to their firms or they are just considering CSR not as part of the business. The awareness of the long term benefit to place the business at a competitive advantage is to be questioned by the literature review. I have found from the research that Mauritius is the sole country where there is the compulsory contribution of the 2% tax after profit for the development of CSR and the study of whether firms agree with this government decision or they are just abiding by the law. 1.4 CSR and the tourism Sector Beeton, (2006): cited in N Ragodoo, (2010),   affirmed that there are not always improvement in the life of community where the is tourist industry development although there are many tourist visiting developing countries and new markets. N Ragodoo, (2010) stated that the tourist industry can be beneficial and disadvantageous as well. The advantages are jobs creations, earning foreign exchange and contributing economically. The disadvantages stated by N Ragodoo, (2010) are that local communities are far from benefiting from the tourist industry and also it can cause harm to the environment by using the scarce local natural resources such as water and land, pollution and reduction of biodiversity, economy not contributed locally, poorly paid jobs and no job security N Ragodoo, (2010). Dubois and Ceron (2006) cited in N Ragodoo, (2010) propose that tourism industries must put into practice strategies for environment that will help prolonged development. 1.5 Benefits of Corporate Social Responsibility Nur Diana Hidayati, (2011), stated that Corporate Social Responsibility, is one of the action done by the business world.   Lesmana,(2007) cited in In Nur Diana Hidayatu, (2011),   said that this course of action is taken to encourage companies   to run out the day to day activities ethically, to cut off the negative effects on communities and the environment to gain sustainable economic benefits. Nur Diana Hidayati, (2011), found that the present trend shows that most business entities are unwilling to relate to CSR programs due to the inherent cost. In the short term the benefits of CSR cannot be seen, but in the long run the programs will contribute financially directly and indirectly. Nur Diana Hidayati, (2011), consequently said that company should carry out CSR programs   constantly to make them as an investment and an element of companys business strategy where all parts of the business entity are agreeable to put into practice tailored CSR pro grams. Nur Diana Hidayati, (2011), affirmed that fianancially, the expenses concerning CSR activities are clearly accounted in to implement the programs incessantly as   anticipated by the stakeholders. Elkington,1997 : cited in Siltaoja, 2006 that the triple bottom line is a ‘key to sustainable development Opportunity, innovation and competitive excellence leads to competititve advantage (Porter and Kammer, 2006) Lesmana, 2007: cited in Nur Diana Hidayati, 2011, declared that a continuous CSR activity will help set up a flourishing and autonomous society According to the World Business Council on Sustainable Development (2001), a sustainable development accomplishes the present needs without forfeiting the capacity of the next generations in accomplishing their needs (Porter and Kamer, 2006). The International Institute for sustainable Development and Deloitte and Touche dentified sustainable development of companies as accepting strategies and programs to acc omplish the current companys needs and the needs of stakeholders at the same time guarding, sustaining and enhancing the human and natural resources required in the future(Labuschagne and Brent, 2005; cited in Malovics et al., 2007). 1.6 Reputation The social responsibility of a business entity is known as a characteristic, a request and an action that induces its reputation ((Zyglidopoulos, 2001; Fombrun and Shanley, 1990; Carroll, 1979; all cited in Siltaoja, 2006). Reputation is most of the time defined as the most essential aspect for competitive advantage a firm can have(Deephouse,2000 and Fombrun,1996, 1998; all cited in Siltaoja, 2006) Brown and Logsdon (1999; cited in Siltaoja, 2006), define reputation in a lasting amalgamation of the societys view of the organization, the positive way the firm carries out its obligations and accomplishes stakeholderss requirements and the way the firms   outcome is successful relating to its societal-political and how effective the organizations performance is according to its societal-political surroundings. Lewis (2003): cited in Nur Diana Hidayati, 2011 described six criteria for company reputation: â€Å" product/service quality; financial performance; dealing wi th employees; environmental responsibility; social responsibility; and leadership.

The Influence of the American Automobile - 1321 Words

The Influence of the American Automobile There’s hardly a person alive in America today that hasn’t ridden in an automobile of some sort at some point in their life. We’re all connected to each other by roads crisscrossing roads and highways all across country, and yet few people understand how we got to this point. They simply accept their magic metal box will work when they put the key in to start their car. Long ago, this country once had a great love affair with the American Automobile, and it was a turbulent, passion filled, amazing ride. If someone asks, â€Å"What was the first American car?† Many would answer, â€Å"Ford’s Model-T.† However, Henry Ford had been manufacturing cars for over a decade before the introduction of the Model-T. The first American car was most likely the Baushke Autymobile built in 1894. During that time period there was a boom in start-up manufactures of the new â€Å"Horseless Carriage† machines, ever ybody in the coach and bicycle industry was jumping at the chance to build one. Dozens of manufactures came and went, but a few of those early start-ups still exist today. These early automobiles were loud, uncomfortable, and often dangerous, but that didn’t stop the dreamers and innovators from pushing forward. Henry Ford was one such visionary. He knew early on the automobile industry was going to change America. He strategically positioned himself to be at the forefront of this new invention sweeping the nation.Show MoreRelatedThe Automobile Industry Influenced The American Economy1012 Words   |  5 PagesIn 1769, the first automobile, a steam-powered carriage that would carry up to four people at two miles per hour, was created. Years pass as gasoline engines, wheels, and a steering device were added to the automobile, which began to make it useful but expensive (â€Å"The Invention of Automobiles†). They were hand-crafted at this time, therefore making it unaffo rdable. Until Henry Ford introduced the assembly line in 1913, automobiles remained expensive. His discovery of the assembly line turned theRead MoreCompetition Between Ford And General Motors1477 Words   |  6 Pagesinfluenced and shaped the global automobile industry in the 20th Century. While there are other big car-makers in the United States and other places in the world, the two companies have been the most popular and important players in that sector. This research focuses on an argument of how competition between both companies has benefited them. One of the most important point of the competition between Ford and General Motors has been their control of the global automobile industry. Both companiesRead MoreCompetition Between Ford And General Motors1465 Words   |  6 Pagesshaped the global automobiles industry over the 20th Century. While there are other big car-makers both in the United States and elsewhere in the globe, the two companies have been the commonest and significant players across the entire sector. This research focuses on an argument of how competition between both companies has benefited them. Market Share One of the most notable outcomes of the competition between Ford and General Motors has been their control of the global automobiles industry. BothRead More The Roaring Twenties Essay836 Words   |  4 Pagesthan one. There were major changes in American Society during the 1920s that took place. Many new industries emerged during this decade that influenced society and the American way of life. Even the federal government had different feelings about the business industry. The characteristics of this decade made the 1920s one never to be forgotten in America because of its influence. During the 1920s a dramatic change occurred in American Society. American people experienced a period in theirRead MoreAutomobiles and the American Society694 Words   |  3 PagesThe Automobile and American Society Before the invention of the automobile, travel was a very difficult thing. Horses and carriages were needed to transport a person from one place to another. Consequently, many people lived their entire lives without travelling much further than the outskirts of the village or town in which they were born. Since there was little travel, locations which had attracted enough people grew into large metropolitan cities where anything that a person needed could beRead MoreAn Overview On An Evolving Era1623 Words   |  7 Pagesonce said, â€Å"You can t build a reputation on what you are going to do.† Between 1850 and 1914 the American people happened to be living by this. Everyone tried creating something to profit, not to satisfy American needs, but some Americans built a reputation doing the opposite of that. During the years between 1850 and 1914, Americans were experiencing a lot of transformation. For example, Americans transformed from a mainly agricultural society to more of a modern industrial nation while AmericaRead MoreU.S. Automobile Manufacturing in the Twenty-First Century1540 Words   |  7 PagesThe innovation of the automobiles had a significant social and economic impact on the United States. In the early 1900s, Henry Ford was well known for establishing the Ford Motor Company and five years after he launched his company, he introduced the first Model T (History.com, 2013). During this time, automobiles were considered luxuries, and 10,000 Model T automobiles were sold that year (History.com, 2013). In the 21st Century, automobiles are no longer luxuries but necessities. In additionRead MoreUnderstanding Consumer Behavior1285 Words   |  5 Pages(Koran, Faber, Aboujaoude, Large, Serpe, 2010). These expectations can only be met if they are fully aware of their consumers behavior towards their products or services (Pride Ferrell, 2012). Therefore, the biggest challenge for them is to influence the consumers buying decision through e ffective advertisements and promotional campaigns (Puccinelli, Goodstein, Grewal, Price, Raghubir, Stewart, 2009). Part 1: Online Advertisement of Amsoil Engine Oil The advertisement under analysis isRead MoreEnvironmental Challenges Of The American Automobile Industry979 Words   |  4 PagesEnvironmental Challenges in the American Automobile Industry The American Auto Industry has grown ever since it s upgraded in the early 1900s. â€Å"Although the design for the modern car was produced in Germany and France in the late 1800s, Americans controlled the industry in the first half of the twentieth century. Henry Ford innovated mass production systems that enhanced model, with Ford, General Motors and Chrysler beginning as the Big Three auto firms by the 1920s ,(Foner - Garrity 1991) ButRead MoreFord Motor Company Influences The 21st Century1062 Words   |  5 PagesThe Ford Motor Company Influences the 21st Century A man that went by the name of Henry Ford, once said, â€Å"I invented nothing new. I simply assembled the discoveries of other men behind whom were centuries of work†¦Ã¢â‚¬  The Ford Motor Company is an American continental automobile maker founded by Henry Ford on June 16, 1903. During the 1920s, this firm marketed automobiles that were reliable, low-cost, easy-to-operate and easier-to-fix device for the masses (Rise of the Automobile). In addition, the Ford

Essay on Child Development The Right Child Care - 1081 Words

Child development can be greatly impacted through choosing the right child care. As a parent, you want to make certain that your infant and/or child feels (is) safe and content in an environment of child care that is not only enjoyable and fostering, yet educational as well. Therefore, trying to find the ideal child care setting for your six month old infant can seem rather challenging at times. With that being said, the longer that a parent and/or parents can delay the placement in child care following the birth of their infant is best. This allows accurate enough time for attachment to take place, for the complete healing of the umbilical cord, the establishment of healthy feeding times, as well as for other newborn firsts on behalf of†¦show more content†¦With that being said, the arrangement and volume of space as well as the selection and extent of play materials can either promote or impede the likelihoods that young children (infants) will interact positively with one another. Proper child care settings should ultimately encourage flexible, personalized care in a group setting while at the same time accommodating the daily rhythms of the toddlers and infants. In addition, a comfortable setting for adults within the infant’s environment (child care facility) can promote new parents to stop through during the day. Not only can this be used to support continued breastfeeding with infants, it acknowledges the needs of the parents as well. †¢ General Cost: Comparable to quality, affordability is an important factor when deciding on a child care center as well. Although child care is considered a requisite in order to enable parents to work, the costly price of child care places strains on household budgets. This ultimately forces parents to compromise or settle concerning the overall welfare and quality of care they choose for their infant and/or children. With that being said, a child care center typically costs parents $300 to over $1200 per month on average. SomeShow MoreRelatedChild Care Is The Better Option For A Child s Development1233 Words   |  5 Pagestheir children to daycare or keep them in a home care environment with a family or with a family member. In past years, home care was the better option for a child’s development. Child care centers were just a place where a child was left and watched for the day. In recent years, the roles of child care centers have changed. Care Center employees b ecome caregivers and are now able to teach much need skills in learning and social readiness. Child care center provide educational programs that developRead MoreChild Care Level 31643 Words   |  7 Pagesdescribes the role of the practitioner in meeting the children’s care needs. The evidence can be found in my appendix. The evidence I have collate includes the information on compliance with legal requirements , meeting needs and supporting rights of the children, working in a team with other professional’s, working with families, training and development, inclusive practice/ attitudes and values, positive environment and care of themselves( the practitioner). When practitioner are caring forRead MoreThe Issue Of The Juvenile Justice System Essay1539 Words   |  7 Pagesand solicitude are our responsibility. Equal opportunities for development to all children during the period of growth should be our aim, for this would serve our larger purpose of reducing inequality and ensuring social justice. Children ought to have been the subject of prime focus of development planning, research, and welfare in India but unfortunately, it has not been so. Despite the Constitutional vision of a healthy and happy child protected against abuse and exploitation, and a National PolicyRead MoreNursing and Millennium Goals1307 Words   |  5 PagesNursing and Millennium Goals This paper looks at UN millennium development goals focus being on the fifth millennium development goal which is improvement of maternal health. This goal is divided into two parts the first part deals with reduction of maternal mortality and the second the second part deals with universal access to reproductive health. The paper elaborates on the importance of improvement of maternal health to the nation. It further highlights on the importance of this goal inRead MoreDe Facto Relationships1529 Words   |  7 Pagescommon residence, whether a sexual relationship exists, the degree of financial dependence or independence and any arrangements for financial support between them, ownership and acquisition of property, degree of mutual commitment to a shared life, the care and support of children and the reputation and public aspects of the relationship. A de facto couple is considered a alternative family relationship as it does not fit the definition of a traditional family unit, known as a ‘nuclear family’. TraditionallyRead MoreNon Parental Child Care966 Words   |  4 PagesNon Parental Child Care Non parental Child Care, and the Influences It has on Development Amara Washington SOC312 Nancy Russell July 9, 2012 Non Parental Child Care and the Influence it has on Development In today’s society more and more women are working outside of the homes and are not able to take care of the children on a full time bases. When the parents are unable to tend to their children, they have to seek help from an outside source. Years ago, it was natural for the motherRead MoreUnit 054 Principles for Implementing Duty of Care in Health and Social Care or Children1399 Words   |  6 PagesUnit 054 Principles for implementing duty of care in health and social care or childrens and young people settings Outcome 1 Understand how duty of care contributes to safe practice Part One Explain what it means to have a duty of care in own work role. The key points as outlined in the text book, surrounding my duty of care at work include helping children as they develop: * The ability to foresee and cope with potential dangers. * More robust immune systems. * Empathy. * CommunicationRead MoreSafe And Healthy Child Care1342 Words   |  6 PagesSAFE AND HEALTHY CHILD CARE Name of Center: Healing Temple Daycare Name of Director: Mrs. Lockhart Director’s Contact Info: 1773-287-6964 More and more research tells us that our children’s health development depends on safe and positive experiences during the first few years of life. Ensuring children’s physical safety while they are at child care should be a top priority. The following 13 areas should be examined carefully. Supervision †¢ Are children supervised at all times, even whenRead MoreChild Care and Education Cache Level 2766 Words   |  3 PagesD1: The expected stage of social development at the age of 4 years old is that children would be with other children, playing with and they start to understand the differences in people and their needs and so are able to get jealous and express anger whilst talking as well as physically and knows how to be creative. D2: The expected stage of social development for age 5 years old is that children will start to understand that having friends is good and they like to play more than being alone. TheyRead MoreSelf Awareness and Interpersonal Skills1626 Words   |  7 Pageshighlighting the importance of self-awareness and interpersonal skills within the early child care setting. The rights of the child within the ECCE. How to communicate effectively with children their families and other colleagues and how this benefits all involved. How being part of a team within the ECCE benefits and what regulations are put in place to ensure quality of education and the quality of the child care setting and facilities. Self-Awareness is the understanding of your own personality

The Ambiguity Of Behaviorism Human Equality And Freedom...

The Ambiguity of Behaviorism: Human Equality and Freedom YI TSAM MARY KONG University of British Columbia The Ambiguity of Behaviorism: Human Equality and Freedom Behaviorism on learning and memory occupies an important position in the history of psychology. John B. Watson is the father of behaviorism while B.F. Skinner is the most famous behaviorist of the twentieth century. Watson’s methodological behaviorism means that it is only the behaviors of an individual that can be objectively observed. Skinner’s radical behaviorism emphasized that behaviors of human and animals are blindly influenced by environment. In this case, Watson and Skinner share similar views of behaviorism. For instance, they believe that the proper objectives of behavioral research include prediction and control (Staddon and Bueno, 1991). However, there are remarkable discrepancies in their views of human equality and freedom. Watson promoted the progressive process of human equality by maintaining concept of â€Å"tabula rasa†, whereas Skinner insisted that freedom is an illusion, so that he pr ovided the adverse effect to the dictatorial institution. The fact is that the potential ambiguity produces a strong influence on people’s thinking and has a practical significance on society. According to the famous â€Å"Rats maze† experiment, Watson began by challenging the underlying assumption of instinct (Berntson and Cacioppo, 2000). Watson and Morgan (1917) are considered to beShow MoreRelatedVictimization due to an Abusive Relationship2876 Words   |  12 Pagesstudy into domestic violence. This attitude permeates throughout civilization and the effects are harmful. Emphatically, behaviorism has long been an object of research by many different fields with renowned scientists developing various theories to explain behavior. One such renowned scientist was Ivan Pavlov who introduced classical conditioning to explain behaviorism. Classical conditioning is a form of social learning and conditioning where stimulus responses are essential. Classical conditioningRead MoreStephen P. Robbins Timothy A. Judge (2011) Organizational Behaviour 15th Edition New Jersey: Prentice Hall393164 Words   |  1573 PagesUnderstanding Work Teams 307 Communication 335 Leadership 367 Power and Politics 411 Conflict and Negotiation 445 Foundations of Organization Structure 479 v vi BRIEF CONTENTS 4 The Organization System 16 Organizational Culture 511 17 Human Resource Policies and Practices 543 18 Organizational Change and Stress Management 577 Appendix A Research in Organizational Behavior Comprehensive Cases Indexes Glindex 637 663 616 623 Contents Preface xxii 1 1 Introduction Read MoreMetz Film Language a Semiotics of the Cinema PDF100902 Words   |  316 PagesPhilosophical Library: New York, 1959). The terms language and language system (see especially Chapter 3 of this volume) translate de Saussure s crucial distinction between langage and langue. Language (langage) indicates language in general, that is, the human linguistic capacity. It is the universal category that contains the myriad specific instances of language system (langue): French, English, Urdu, but in addition, those other languages of chess, of heraldry, of computers, etc. Speech (parole) is

Environmental Health Safety - 1334 Words

TUI University Nickalus W. Banks BHE314: Environmental Health Safety Module 3: Water Quality; Wastewater Management Dr. Rania Sabty-Daily Case Assignment Over 70% of the Earth’s surface is covered in water. This water is essential to our survival as a species. With the Earth’s population increasing yearly, will we have enough quality water to carry us into the decades to come? What types of treatment are being used to ensure that we have clean water to drink? This case assignment will compare and contrast secondary water treatment method to the tertiary water treatment, which is also known as advanced/final water treatment, method in the context of the wastewater treatment process. It will discuss the appropriate†¦show more content†¦Bibliography/References Altekruse, S. F., Cohen, M. L. Swerdlow, D. L. (2007). Emerging food borne diseases. Emerging Infectious Diseases, 3 (3). Retrieved November 2008 form http://www.cdc.gov/ncidod/eid/vol3no3/cohen.htm. Bartram, J., Lewis, K., Lentron, R. Wright, A. (2005). Focusing on improved water and sanitation for health. The Lancet, 365 (9461). Retrieved 2008 from http://proquest.umi.com/pqdweb?did=804282491sid=1Fmt=4clientId=29440RQT=309VName=PQD. . California Air Resources Board (2007). Health effects research. Retrieved November 2008 from http://www.arb.ca.gov/research/health/healthres.htm. Environmental Services Department, City of San Jose. (n.d.). South Bay water recycling: Treatment process. Retrieved 2008 from http://www.sanjoseca.gov/sbwr/treatmentprocess.htm. Frumpkin, H. (2002). Urban sprawl and public health. Public Health Reports, 117: 201-217. Retrieved 2008 from http://www.cdc.gov/healthyplaces/articles/Urban%20Sprawl%20and%20Public%20Health%20-%20PHR.pdf. Georgia Department of Human Resources. (n.d.). Mosquito-borne viral diseases. Retrieved December 2008 from http://health.state.ga.us/epi/vbd/mosquito.asp. Harrison, J. (2008). Personal correspondence (source works in the food catering business). Jackson, R. J. Kochitzky, C.Show MoreRelatedEnvironmental Health And Safety Management833 Words   |  4 Pages Introduction Environmental health and safety management is an important component of a safe work environment because it protects human health and safety in the workplace. In regard to this, environmental health and safety regulations remain the hallmark that provides protection for American workers. Such regulation has helped maintain the wide-ranging safety standards as required by law. It has enabled companies in the United States to aggressively pursue accident prevention initiatives at all levelsRead MoreInformative Presentation On Health Safety And Environmental1045 Words   |  5 Pageslevel business graduates on how to make an informed career decision. Specific Purpose: As a result of this presentation, my audience will be introduced to two promising career paths that can yield job security and success. A career in Health Safety and Environmental (HSE) Management and or Entrepreneurship, can be a rewarding career decision. After this presentation students will be able to assess the risk involved in both career path, the incentives of choosing one or the other and qualificationsRead MoreEssay on Total Environmental Health and Safety Management790 Words   |  4 Pagesaccountability as they apply to OSH program management. In your discussion, provide examples of how your current organization implements these concepts. Is it effective? How can you tell? What recommendations do you have for improvement? Total Environmental Health and Safety Management There is a tremendous amount of difference between authority, responsibility, and accountability as they apply to the OSH program management. As read in the textbook by Manuele (2008 p. 86) and under the section 3.1.3, ResponsibilityRead MoreHealth, Safety and Environmental Management752 Words   |  3 Pagescommunities, the environment and the business through proactive and planned management response before, during and after emergency situations. 10. Environmental management Business units will protect the environment and minimise any adverse impact from our operations through efficient use of natural resources and adherence to applicable environmental protection standards. 11. Assessment and continuous improvement Business unit to ensure the elements of the management system are assessed on a regularRead MoreEthics, Public Health, And Environmental Safety3018 Words   |  13 Pagesdefine biotechnology and consider best practices in agriculture, both in the United States and around the globe. With the advent of genetic engineering and the adoption of transgenic crops, a new set of questions regarding ethics, public health, and environmental safety has grown from a theoretical concern to one that must be considered as genetic engineering plays an increasingly large role in our everyday lives. As genetically modified (GM) food has entered the marketplace, these ethical questionsRead MoreGovernment Regulation And Mining Safety, Health Standards And Environmental Regulations1012 Words   |  5 PagesThreats included government regulation and mining safety, health standards and environmental regulations. There were many citations and violation fines charged against Massey. Low prices from foreign coal companies pose a threat. The on-going high cost of production and maintenance of equipment is a big cost. The shift of demand to other cleaner resources such as green technologies posed a growing threat as well. The worker conditions are also a threat because they were potentially dangerous andRead MoreWGU SZT 1 Task 4 - Disaster in Franklin County Essay1413 Words   |  6 Pageshighlights the role of public health personnel, with emphasis on the public health nurse because the nurse is often a first responder to such a disaster. This helps to examine the roles, actions, cop ing methods, and techniques used by a nurse in a disaster scenario. A. Role of Public Health Personnel The role of public health personnel is to maintain the physical and emotional safety of individuals throughout the community affected by the storm. Those in the Public Health Department are responsibleRead MorePesticides and Human Health in California Essay3080 Words   |  13 Pagesuse of pesticides. However, those pesticides which have resulted in high crop yields have come at price, and that is human health itself. This seems rather contradictory. Pesticides were designed to help people and society by increased the success of producing high crop yields, and they still do that, but at the same time, those same pesticides have caused unforeseen health risks, primarily to those have had to handle them. The average person would not consider pesticides as being a cause for depressionRead MoreThe Hazards Of Nursing : Caring1793 Words   |  8 Pagesnew chemicals can come on the scene unknowingly and without warning into a nurses’ work environment. One of the most common concer ns of chemical exposure in a nurse’s work environment is â€Å"fragrance†. â€Å"Fragrance† is a common ingredient in beauty, health, and cleaning products. â€Å"Fragrance† is unregulated by the FDA and protected by law because of what the industry refers to as â€Å"trade secrets†. â€Å"Fragrance† may contain thousands of chemicals, but is only required to be listed under one ingredientRead MoreFunctional Health Pattern Community Assessment2109 Words   |  9 PagesFunctional Health Patterns Community Assessment Guide Functional Health Pattern (FHP) Template Directions: This FHP template is to be used for organizing community assessment data in preparation for completion of your collaborative learning community (CLC) assignment. Address every bulleted statement in each section with data or rationale for deferral. You may also add additional bullet points if applicable to your community. Value/Belief Pattern Predominant ethnic and cultural groups

Ritalin and Its Uses Essay Example For Students

Ritalin and Its Uses Essay Ritalin and Its UsesIn recent years, more and more kids seem to be on a prescription drugcalled Ritalin(methylphenidate). This drug is being handed out more and more bydoctors as a way of treating Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder, a complexneurological impairnment that prevents kids from concentrating. According tothe Drug Enforcement Agency, it rose fron 200 grams per 100,000 people to over1400 grams per 100,000 people in the last fifteen years. The National Instituteof Mental Health estimates that about one student in every classroom is believedto experience the disorder. The rate of Ritalin use in the United States is atleast five times higher than in the rest of the world according to federalstudies. Are doctors just catching this disabling affliction more often? Ordoes society just want a convenient way to solve a complicated problem. Ritalin is a central nervous system stimulant that is somewhat similarto amphetamines. It was created in 1955, classified as a controlled substancein 1971, and became the drug of choice for ADHD in 1981. It is also used intreating narcolepsy. It is thought to activate the brain stem arousal systemand cortex, and, like cocaine, works on the neurotransmitter dopamine. Itappears to increase the levels of dopamine in the frontal lobe where attentionand impulsive actions are regulated. When taken in its intended form under adoctors prescritption, it has moderate stimulant properties. There has been agreat deal of concern about its addictive qualities and adverse affects. ADHD is a relatively new disorder. It was introduced in 1980, where itwas labeled ADD(attention deficit disorder). In the 1950s, children weresimply labeled hyperkinetic. The term hyperactivity was added in 1987,hence the name ADHD. Not all children have the hyperactivity, and thus arelabeled to have ADD. ADD is not treated with Ritalin; antidepressants are morecommonly used. One of the problems with the label ADHD is that just because achild may be overly hyper, doesnt mean the child is not paying attention. Theproblem is, the child is paying too much attention to too many things at thesame time. ADHD is childrens #1 childhood psychiatric disorder. The prevalence isthree times as likely in boys than girls. The children tend to be very bright,but are poor students because they cnat settle down. They blurt questions outbefore they are asked. They cant wait their turn, stop fidgeting their legsand tapping their pencils. They tend to be forgetful, have problems followingdirections, and lose things easily, as well as their tempers. This behavioroccurs constantly. This may be a reason why teachers and school psychologistsare adament in their beliefs; these kids are disrupting their classrooms, sothey want the problem solved immeditately, and take the quick fix approach. Experts believe that more than two million children (3-5%) have the disorder. Some scientists believe ADHD is a result of a problem in pregnancyranging from fetal alcohol syndrome to exposure to lead in utero. Otherssuggest that ADHD is hereditary. Dr. Russel Barkley, of the University ofMinnesota reports that nearly half the ADHD children have a parent, and morethan one third have a sibling, with the disorder. Ritalin as prescribed is taken orally, and takes effect in about 30minutes and lasts for about 3-4 hours. Kids usually take 5-10 mg doses threetimes a day. Although many experts report that Ritalin is a positive treatmentin 9 out of 10 patienst, and many parents and students claim the drug is abenefit in their lives, there are many who question the drugs long-termeffects, dangers, misdiagnosis, and non-medical abuse. Diagnosis forADHD isnt as easy as you think. There is no blood test, no x-ray, or no catscan to determine a biological cause for the disorder. Teachers, even inpreschool strongly advocate the drug(negative reinforcement). Schoolpsychologists are even prescribing the drug before giving an evaluation becausethere are so many referrals and a lack of school psychologists (1:2100 students). .u0ce20d821d2cd0b1bbdb0cff78eaf25f , .u0ce20d821d2cd0b1bbdb0cff78eaf25f .postImageUrl , .u0ce20d821d2cd0b1bbdb0cff78eaf25f .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .u0ce20d821d2cd0b1bbdb0cff78eaf25f , .u0ce20d821d2cd0b1bbdb0cff78eaf25f:hover , .u0ce20d821d2cd0b1bbdb0cff78eaf25f:visited , .u0ce20d821d2cd0b1bbdb0cff78eaf25f:active { border:0!important; } .u0ce20d821d2cd0b1bbdb0cff78eaf25f .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .u0ce20d821d2cd0b1bbdb0cff78eaf25f { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .u0ce20d821d2cd0b1bbdb0cff78eaf25f:active , .u0ce20d821d2cd0b1bbdb0cff78eaf25f:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .u0ce20d821d2cd0b1bbdb0cff78eaf25f .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .u0ce20d821d2cd0b1bbdb0cff78eaf25f .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .u0ce20d821d2cd0b1bbdb0cff78eaf25f .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .u0ce20d821d2cd0b1bbdb0cff78eaf25f .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .u0ce20d821d2cd0b1bbdb0cff78eaf25f:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .u0ce20d821d2cd0b1bbdb0cff78eaf25f .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .u0ce20d821d2cd0b1bbdb0cff78eaf25f .u0ce20d821d2cd0b1bbdb0cff78eaf25f-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .u0ce20d821d2cd0b1bbdb0cff78eaf25f:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: Comparing throughput accounting and cost based approaches EssayMany times, it has been shown, that psychiatrists who often diagnose for ADHDin children, are disdiagnosing disorders similar to ADHD such as learningdisabilities, depression or anxiety disorders; disorders that do notneccessitate Ritalin as a therapy. Some doctors who are reluctant to prescribeRitalin find that the childerens parents just switch doctors and find doctorswho will. Unfortunately, this is surprisingly easy. Doctors surveyed by theArchives of Pediatric and Adolescent Medicine said they send ADHD children homein about an hour. The children are not only sent home with just a prescription,but rarely a ny follow up care of additional therapy is adnministered. Expertsin the field of ADHD say behavior modification techniques and extra help inschool is a better way in treating the disorder. Since it takes time to sitdown and go through therapy sessions, and it takes time for parents to fit tisall into their lifestyle, a pill is much more convenient. There are no longterm studies on the effects that it has on children, so many fear whatcomplications may occur later on in life. Correct diagnosis would occur if doctors would take the time to providea complete examination of the patient. To make a correct ADHD diagnosis, it isimportant to review the childs family history, give abstract cognitive tests,observe their behavior, and run a slew of behavioral exams. Other disordersmust be ruled out first. Parents need to make sure a complete evaluation iscarried out before putting a pill in a childs mouth. One would think thatevery parent would explore every option before relying on medication only. Diagnosis would also be much easier if doctors could find a flaw in thebrain. Several studies have shown that ADHD brains look and function slightlydifferent that normal brains. PET(positron emission tomography) has shownthat ADHD brains use less glucose in the prefrontal lobe. The prefrontal lobeis the center for impulse control and attention. By using less glucose-orenergy, this would then agree with the childs behavioral problems. Other testsshow that there is less electrical activity in the same region of the brain. Nonetheless, these studies have not yet been proven to be the cause for thedisorder. Many people are concerned with the non-medical use of Ritalin, also. Ritalin is a Schedule II controlled substance, which means it is a very powerfuldrug, and in the same category as cocaine, methadone, and methamphetamines. TheManufacturer of Ritalin, Ciba-Geiby Corporation, cautions doctors that manyadverse side effects are possible under normal dosage such as: nervousness,insomnia, decreased appetite, nausea, vomiting, dizziness, heart palpitations,headaches, rise in heart rate and blood pressure, skin rashes, itching,abdominal pain, weight loss, digestive problems, toxic psychosis, psychoticepisodes, and severe depression upon withdrawal. Many question if such a drugshould be so freely handed out to children because of its possible dangerouseffects. Parents are even trying to lessen the restrictions on Ritalin so theywont have to make monthly doctor visits. Its rise on the black market has also been increasing. Since it is sowidely available, many kids sell the pills for 3-15 dollars a pill. The buyersthen crush up the pill and snort it, giving an intense high similar to cocaine. Some also dissolve it in water and inject it intravenously. In these forms, itis highly addictive, and withdrawal symptoms are also similar to cocaine. Someof the side effects at these high doses may be life threatening: loss ofappetite(may cause serious malnutrition), tremors and muscle twitching, fevers,convulsions, and headaches(may be severe), irregular heartbeat andrespiration(may be profound and life threatening), anxiety, restlessness,paranoia, hallucinations, delusions, excessive repetition of movements andmeaningless tasks, and formicaton(sensation of bugs or worms crawling under theskin). It seems to be abused by high school kids and college studentspredominantly. Although the drug is too complex to manufacture illegally, andit doesnt create the euphoric effect that cocaine has, it seems to be an aid instudying for final exams. It allows students to stay up all night allowing themto cram much easier. .u6019eea5dbef5005451704ec0e7fce23 , .u6019eea5dbef5005451704ec0e7fce23 .postImageUrl , .u6019eea5dbef5005451704ec0e7fce23 .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .u6019eea5dbef5005451704ec0e7fce23 , .u6019eea5dbef5005451704ec0e7fce23:hover , .u6019eea5dbef5005451704ec0e7fce23:visited , .u6019eea5dbef5005451704ec0e7fce23:active { border:0!important; } .u6019eea5dbef5005451704ec0e7fce23 .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .u6019eea5dbef5005451704ec0e7fce23 { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .u6019eea5dbef5005451704ec0e7fce23:active , .u6019eea5dbef5005451704ec0e7fce23:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .u6019eea5dbef5005451704ec0e7fce23 .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .u6019eea5dbef5005451704ec0e7fce23 .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .u6019eea5dbef5005451704ec0e7fce23 .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .u6019eea5dbef5005451704ec0e7fce23 .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .u6019eea5dbef5005451704ec0e7fce23:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .u6019eea5dbef5005451704ec0e7fce23 .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .u6019eea5dbef5005451704ec0e7fce23 .u6019eea5dbef5005451704ec0e7fce23-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .u6019eea5dbef5005451704ec0e7fce23:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: Cloning and stem cell research EssayIt is important to remember that too many children in America aresuffering from this ailment, and yet too many kids are getting pills instead ofproper care. Although Ritalin currently seems to be an effective way intreating Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder, we must not treat thisdisorder hastily. Our society must realize that prescription drugs can havejust as many complications as street drugs. Befor writing out a prescription,or carelessly diagnosing ADHD, we must remember that these are kids we aredealing with. They put all their faith in us to help them, and not just tomedicate them.

Don JohnThat Bastard Essay Research Paper Don free essay sample

Don John-That Bastard Essay, Research Paper Don John-That BASTARD! Johann Kasper Lavater one time said, The covetous are possessed by a huffy Satan and dull spirit at the same clip. In Much Ado About Nothing, by William Shakespeare, the portraiture of Don John, the asshole brother of Don Pedro, demonstrates the true significance of green-eyed monster. Harmonizing to Webster s NewWorld Dictionary, green-eyed monster agencies resentful enviousness. Don John exhibits enviousness towards Don Pedro and his belongings and even towards the felicity Claudio holds. Don John s green-eyed monster leads to the fallacious Acts of the Apostless around which the drama revolves. Don John s awful Acts of the Apostless deceive Claudio into believing that his fianc vitamin E, Hero, acted undependably on the Eve of their matrimony. This act and the undermentioned events show how Don John takes pleasance in others pain, and hurting in others pleasure. Shakespeare emphasizes the point that the causation of mischievousness comes of course to those who have every bit much enviousness and green-eyed monster as Don John. First, Don John shows much enviousness and resent in his brother s ( Don Pedro ) belongings and authorization and programs to do bad luck every bit shortly as possible. One can clearly see this in the conversations Don John has with his followings. Don John says, I had instead be a canker in a hedge than a rose in his grace ( I, iii, 25 ) . This demonstrates how Don John hates the fact that Don Pedro has more authorization than he does. This besides demonstrates that Don John despises the manner Don Pedro casts a shadow over him. Don John goes on to state, If I had my oral cavity, I would seize with teeth ; if I had my autonomy, I would make my liking ( I, iii, 32-34 ) . Don John thinks himself robbed of freedom by his brother and makes up his head to do bad luck on the small town of Messina. This merely emphasizes the fact that the idea of doing evil comes instinctively the wicked. Don John has it planted in his head that at every possible opportunity he will do some kind of inhuman treatment onto those he despises. Second, the automatic idea of doing hurting and enduring onto others comes when he hears of the events of Claudio and Hero. Don John displays unhappiness with Claudio and programs to convey dim down. Don John waits for the perfect clip and so merely as a slug from a gun ; he explodes. After coming from the supper after the proposal of the matrimony between Claudio and Hero, Borachio tells Don John, I came yonder for a great supper. The Prince your brother is like kings entertained by Leonato, and I can give you intelligence of an intended matrimony ( I, iii, 40-43 ) . Quickly Don John responds, Will it function for any theoretical account to construct mischievousness on? ( I, iii, 44-45 ) . This proves how rapidly Don John thinks of making mayhem on Messina. The green-eyed monster and enviousness of one instinctively nefarious individual caused all this immorality. Proof of Don John s enviousness comes in the phrase, Come, come, allow us thither. This may turn out nutrient to my displeasure. That immature start-up hath all the glorification of my overthrow. If I can traverse him in any manner, I bless myself in every manner. You are both certain, and will help me? Let us to the great supper. Their cheer is the greater that I am subdued. Would the cook were o my head! Shall we go proves what s to be done? ( I, iii, 63-71 ) Don John thrives at every chance to take down Claudio because Don John has much envy in the manner that Claudio has the glorification. Anything that can move as a accelerator for conveying out bad luck, Don John uses. A major subject presented in this drama pertains to knowledge and certainty. Don John plays to a great extent into this subject and the subject s debut in the drama. Knowledge and certainty refers to holding new cognition and being certain about this cognition. When Don John slanders Claudio s married woman to be, Hero, Claudio takes this false information and automatically misidentify it as the truth. Now Claudio possesses the cognition hence he possesses the certainty and believes that Hero acted undependably ( Act III, two ) . This subject plays out many times in the drama and Don John farther complicates affairs by falsely impeaching Hero of infidelity. With the aid of his followings, Don John lies to Claudio and Don Pedro stating that Hero genuinely loves Borachio and makes love to him on a every night footing. Borachio and Don John successfully trick Claudio and the Prince and this finally leads to the bogus decease of Hero. Basically, all the confusion boils down to the subjec t of cognition and certainty. With the false cognition comes false certainty. With the false certainty come false accusals. The false accusals cause the desolation of the small town of Messina. This subject finally appears in the drama because of the evil humor of an evil adult male. In decision, one can see how a adult male like Don John thinks of malicious ideas and ways in which to convey about convulsion invariably. In a head that thinks these ideas on a regular basis, one can see how bad lucks can originate. Jealousy, enviousness, and the deficiency of regard for others cause these malevolent Acts of the Apostless. Don John looses all regard for the other characters because of his ain convulsion. For this, he receives rough penalty at the drama s decision because of the deficiency of regard and pandemonium that he showed. If Shakespeare lived today and wanted to project the function of Don John with nowaday histrions, Jeremy Irons could move the portion out particularly good. One might retrieve him from his hits, Man in the Iron Mask and Die Hard With a Vengeance. In the film Die Hard With a Vengeance, he plays a bomb-crazy German terrorist and would probably typify the function of Don John. Jeremy Irons would out execute all others on the phase because he k nows what it takes to hold a sense of evilness and evil that all people know Don John had. In the Kenneth Branaugh version of, Much Ado About Nothing, Branaugh chose to utilize the histrion Keanu Reeves as Don John. This histrion played the function good, but people might non visualize Keanu Reeves as an evil individual. Whereas with the histrion Jeremy Irons, everyone pictures the evilness Don John inherently possessed. Jeremy Irons could capture the audience as a morose, sullen, and ill-conditioned rogue who enjoys others in torment. 332